Showing posts with label poetry. Show all posts
Showing posts with label poetry. Show all posts

Thursday, March 18, 2021

'On An Unsociable Family' by Elizabeth Hands

Women's History Month: A month celebrating women of history! I will be posting media and book recommendations, highlighting women from (mostly) the 18th century, and otherwise sharing content with an emphasis on women in history.

Detail from a portrait of an unidentified family by William Hogarth, 18th century.

Elizabeth Hands was born in 1746 to parents Henry and Ann Herbert, who worked at unknown occupations; she had two siblings, including a sister who died at less than one year of age. Elizabeth, who worked as a domestic servant, married William Hands in 1784; the couple had two children, daughters Elizabeth and Ann.

It is unknown exactly when Hands began writing poetry, but the advertisement taken out for a subscription to her works noted that she began reading poetry while working in a variety of households, where she would find and read available literature. Support for Hands' work in the local community was instrumental in the works being published. In 1788, the rector of Birdingbury wrote to Reverend Richard Blisse Riland in an attempt to drum up financial support for the publication of Hands' poetry; and the assistant headmaster at Rugby School, Philip Homer, manage to convince the school's various masters of the poems quality, thereafter the school agreed to put out a subscription notice for her works. 

The collection was published through subscription in 1789 under the title The Death of Amnon: a Poem with an Appendix, Containing Pastorals and Other Poetical Pieces. It achieved at least 1,200 subscribers, which was referred to by a contemporary critic as an 'uncommonly numerous list of subscribers."

The poems were generally well reviewed, with the titular poem receiving the most praise. 

I've singled out this particular poem by Hands because of its striking modernity. I imagine that many readers today can identify to some degree with the awkward situation described in the poem.

 On an UNSOCIABLE FAMILY. by Elizabeth Hands

O What a strange parcel of creatures are we,
Scarce ever to quarrel, or ever agree;
We all are alone, though at home altogether,
Except to the fire constrain'd by the weather;
Then one says, 'tis cold, which we all of us know,
And with unanimity answer, 'tis so:
With shrugs and with shivers all look at the fire,
And shuffle ourselves and our chairs a bit nigher;
Then quickly, preceded by silence profound,
A yawn epidemical catches around:
Like social companions we never fall out,
Nor ever care what one another's about;
To comfort each other is never our plan,
For to please ourselves, truly, is more than we can.

Monday, March 1, 2021

Women's History Month: 'My Wish' by Mary Chandler (1687-1745)

Women's History Month: A month celebrating women of history! I will be posting media and book recommendations, highlighting women from (mostly) the 18th century, and otherwise sharing content with an emphasis on women in history.

Detail from The Trough by Jean-Honoré Fragonard, 1763-1765.

Mary Chandler, born in 1687, was the daughter of a dissenting minister named Henry Chandler and his wife, Mary Bridgeman. Mary Chandler had at least one brother, Samuel Chandler, who would become known for his own nonconformist views; Samuel Chandler would later write a biography of his sister, which was included in the book The Lives of the Poets, published several years after her death. 

From childhood, Mary Chandler enjoyed reading and creating poetry. She would often come up with riddles and verses to share with her friends. However, due to her family's station, Mary Chandler was required to start a trade and had to cut short her education. While she still a teenager, she opened a milliner's shop in Bath. In his biography of her, her brother wrote that she "was very early employed ... and incapable of receiving that polite and learned education which she often regretted the loss of, and which she afterwards endeavored to repair by diligently reading [and studying]."

She was not unknown in Bath's higher society circles, as she became acquainted with known society women such as Frances Seymour, the Duchess of Somerset. She was sometimes invited to her society friend's stately homes and allowed to 'retire,' as her brother would write, for a time, during which period she would often write. However, she needed to make a living, and she worked tirelessly at her milliners' shop for 35 years before retiring. She lived for 5 more years before dying at the age of 58 from an illness.

It is apt to end with the final words of her brother's biography, where he wrote:

"She was a good woman, a kind relation, and a faithful friend. She had a real genius for poetry, was a most agreeable correspondent, had a large fund of good sense, was unblemished in her character, lived highly esteemed, and died greatly lamented."

In her poem 'My WISH,' Chandler describes her ideal existence: a life where she is free to enjoy leisure, has the company of good neighbors, and otherwise is able to enjoy a carefree life.

It is easy to contrast her wish for such a worry-free, financially secure existence where she has no cares beyond enjoying the pleasures of life, nature, and friendship with her reality: a young teenager forced to abandon her education in order to begin a career, which she worked at for several decades before retiring relatively shortly before her death.

An interesting note: according to data from the CPI Inflation Calculator, the £100 per year that Chandler wished for would be equivalent to around £22,318.00 today. [This is using information from 1750, the earliest date that the CPI Inflation Calculator uses.]

My WISH

Mary Chandler (1687-1745)

text via The 18th Century Poetry Archive

Wou'd Heav'n indulgent grant my Wish
 For future Life, it shou'd be this;
 Health, Peace, and Friendship I wou'd share
 A Mind from Bus'ness free, and Care;
 A Soil that's dry in temp'rate Air;
 A Fortune from Incumbrance clear,
 About a Hundred Pounds a Year;
 A House not small, built warm and neat,
 Above a Hut, below a Seat;
 With Groops of Trees beset around,
 In Prospect of the lower Ground,
 Beneath the Summit of a Hill,
 From whence the gushing Waters trill,
 In various Streams and Windings flow
 To aid a River just below;
 At a small Distance from a Wood,
 And near some Neighbours wise and good;
 There would I spend my remnant Days,
 Review my Life, and mend my Ways.
I'd be some honest Farmer's Guest,
 That with a cleanly Wife is blest;
 A friendly Cleric shou'd be near,
 Whose Flock and Office were his Care;
 My Thoughts my own, my Time I'd spend
 In writing to some faithful Friend:
 Or on a Bank, by purling Brook,
 Delight me with some useful Book;
 Some Sage, or Bard, as Fancy led;
 Then ruminate on what I'd read.
Some moral Thoughts shou'd be my Theme,
 Or verdant Field, or gliding Stream;
 Or Flocks, or Herds, that Shepherds love;
 The Shepherds wou'd my Song approve.
No Flatt'ry base, nor baser Spite,
 Nor one loose Thought my Muse shou'd write;
 Nor vainly try unequal Flight.
Great George's Name let Poets sing,
 That rise on a sublimer Wing:
 I'd keep my Passions quite serene;
 My Person and Apartment clean;
 My Dress not slovenly, but mean.
Some Money still I'd keep in Store,
 That I might have to give the Poor;
 To help a Neighbour in Distress,
 I'd save from Pleasure, Food, and Dress.
I'd feed on Herbs, the limpid Spring
 Shou'd be my Helicon. — I'd sing;
 And be much happier than a King.
Thus calmly see my Sun decline;
 My Life and Manners thus refine.
And acting in my narrow Sphere,
 In chearful Hope, without one Care,
 I'd quit the World, nor wish a Tear.

Friday, July 10, 2020

JSTOR Expanded Access: To Be(head) a Family: British Poetry and the Reclamation of Marie Antoinette by Trey Conatser

JSTOR announced earlier this month that they will be provided expanded access through 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This expanded access includes free read-online access for 100 articles per month through December 31st, 2020.

Note: You will need to log in to a JSTOR account to access this article. Accounts are free, so sign up and enjoy!

Detail from Marie Antoinette Being Taken to her Execution by William Hamilton, 1794.

To Be(head) a Family: British Poetry and the Reclamation of Marie Antoinette by Trey Conatser

 An examination of early British poetry, circa 1791 through around 1796, which symbolized the downfall, death and British legacy of Marie Antoinette.

Monday, March 30, 2020

Women's History Month: A poem by Mah Laqa Bai (1768-1824)

Women's History Month: A month celebrating women of history! I will be posting media and book recommendations, highlighting women from (mostly) the 18th century, and otherwise sharing content with an emphasis on women in history.

[image: Mah Laqa Bai singing in the presence of Raja Rao Rambha Bahadur, 1799. Unknown artist.]

Mah Laqa Bai (originally Chanda Bibi) (1768-1824) was a respected, influential poet and courtesan. As a young girl, she was given an exemplary education and was invited into the inner circles of high ranking officials. She accompanied the second Nizam of the Hyderabad State into three wars, where she was well-known for her horseriding and archery skills; she was routinely awarded with lands, appointed to the highest circle of nobility, and given the honorary title Mah Laqa--which means "Visage of the Moon."

One of Mah Laqa Bai's most notable accomplishments was her poetry, which was well-received and published in several different collections. One collection, titled Diwan e Chanda, contained a stunning 125 ghazals. She became the first women to read her poems at a mushaira, or spoken poetic symposium, which was traditionally reserved for men. In some cases, she sung her poetry or sung poetry and songs written by other prominent courtiers and nobility. 

Upon her death, she left all her properties (which included copious amounts of jewelry, silver, gold and lands) to homeless women in Hyderabad.

This poem
is from Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, a collection of 39 ghazals written by Mah Laqa Bai; the collection was published in 1824, after her death.
 
Hoping to blossom (one day) into a flower

Hoping to blossom (one day) into a flower,
Every bud sits, holding its soul in its fist.

Between the fear of the fowler and (approaching) autumn,
The bulbul’s life hangs by a thread.

Thy sly glance is more murderous than arrow or sword;
It has shed the blood of many lover.

How can I like a candle to thy (glowing) cheek?
The candle is blind with the fat in its eyes.

How can Chanda be dry-lipped. O Saqi of the heavenly wine!
She has drained the cup of thy love 
 
Translated by Syed Sirajuddin; published in 'Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century,' edited by Susie J. Tharu and Ke Lalita.

Sunday, March 22, 2020

Women's History Month: "A Petition To April" by Susanna Blamire (1747-1794)


[image: A portrait of Susanna Blamire by Giacomo Cambruzzi, 18th century]


Susanna Blamire (1747-1794) was an English poet whose prolific and well-regarded poetry earned her the nickname the "Muse of Cumberland." Most of her poetry was publsihed after her death, but she did submit some of her works to public view. In addition to poetry, Blamire worte songs, including a song ("The Siller Croun") which was referenced in Charles Dickens' The Old Curiosity Shop. In 1947, Scottish literary figure Hugh MacDiarmid said that Blamire's songs "can be set beside the best that have ever been produced by Scotsmen writing in their own tongue."

Blamire was frequently ill due to recurrent rheumatic heart disease. A few of her poems were marked as being written during periods of illness, including the below work which--fittingly, for Blamire and many of us in the world today--hopes for a renewed future in the coming spring.

A Petition to April, Written During Sickness, 1793

Sweet April! month of all the year
That loves to shed the dewy tear,
And with a soft but chilly hand
The silken leaves of flowers expand;
Thy tear--set eye shall I ne'er see
Weep o'er a sickly plant like me?
Thou art the nurse of infant flowers,
The parent of relenting showers;
Thy tears and smiles when newly born
Hang on the cheek of weeping Morn,
While Evening sighs in seeming grief
O'er frost--nipp'd bud or bursting leaf.
Once Pity held thee in her arms,
And, breathing all her gentle charms,
Bade thy meek smile o'ertake the tear,
And Hope break loose from trembling Fear;
Bade clouds that load the breast of Day
On melting Twilight weep away;
She bade thee, when the breezy Morn
Kiss'd the sweet gem that deck'd the thorn,
O'er the pale primrose softly pour
The nectar of a balmy shower;
And is the primrose dear to thee?
And wilt thou not give health to me?
See how I droop! my strength decays,
And life wears out a thousand ways;
Supporting friends their cordials give,
And wish, and hope, and bid me live;
With this short breath it may not be,
Unless thou lend'st a sigh to me.
O! fan me with a gentler breeze;
Invite me forth with busy bees;
And bid me trip the dewy lawn
Adorn'd with wild flowers newly blown;
O! do not sternly bid me try
The influence of a milder sky;
I know that May can weave her bower,
And spot, and paint, a richer flower;
Nor is her cheek so wan as thine;
Nor is her hand so cold as mine;
Nor bears she thy unconstant mind,
But ah! to me she ne'er was kind.
To thee I'll rear a mossy throne,
And bring the violet yet unblown;
Then teach it just to ope its eye,
And on thy bosom fondly die;
Embalm it in thy tears, and see
If thou hast one more left for me.
In thy pale noon no roses blow,
Nor lilies spread their summer snow;
Nor would I wish this time--worn cheek
In all the blush of health to break;
No; give me ease and cheerful hours,
And take away thy fairer flowers;
So may the rude gales cease to blow,
And every breeze yet milder grow,
Till I in slumber softly sleep,
Or wake but to grow calm and weep;
And o'er thy flowers in pity bend,
Like the soft sorrows of a friend. 

 

 

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Women's History Month: 'Plum Flowers' by Seo Yeongsuhap (1753-1823)


 [image: Plum Tree Blooms by ForestWander/CC BY-SA 3.0 US, no changes]

Seo Yeongsuhap (1753-1823) was the daughter of a provincial governor and the wife of a royal official. She had three sons and one daughter; Yeongsuhap, her husband and all of her children were writers and much of their correspondence included or was done entirely in verse.

Yeongsuhap began writing poetry when she and her husband started to exchange correspondence in verse, during a period when he was posted in a rural province. Before her marriage, Yeongsuhap was already a lover of literature: by the time she was 15, she had already read many works, particularly Confucian classics. Her oldest son, Seokju, would later recall that "even by the bed she would speak of the ancients' proverbs and their beautiful deeds as if she were telling a story, and teach verses from the classics."

A collection of 192 poems written by Yeongsuhap was published after her death; the poems were included in the appendix of her husband's book, which also contained recollections from her sons about their mother.

The following poem, Plum Flowers, recalls a moment when as a young girl, Yeongsuhap saw beautiful plum flowers upon entering the house of a high government official.

Plum Flowers
[translation:Translated by Won-Jae Hur; published in The Poetic World of Classic Korean Women Writers, Volume 9]
My first step through the gate as a child
Plum flowers ready to bloom near the wall
Fragile pistils hung by the red rail
Here and there thin branches drooping over the green steps

I thought it was an official's splendid mansion
Yet it was as plain as a scholar's hut
Time has passed and speaks of ageing
Fragile flowers bloom on the remaining branches
You can read more about Yeongsuhap along with several of her poems in The Poetic World of Classic Korean Women Writers, Volume 9.

Thursday, March 5, 2020

Women's History Month: 'The Chimney-Sweep's Complaint' by Mary Alcock (c. 1742-1798)

Women's History Month: A month celebrating women of history! I will be posting media and book recommendations, highlighting women from (mostly) the 18th century, and otherwise sharing content with an emphasis on women in history.


image: The Little Chimney-Sweep by Jules Bastien-Lepage, 1883

Mary Alcock was an English writer whose sole public poem published during her lifetime was intended to raise money for charity. Not much is known about Mary's personal life--even the exact identity of her husband is debated. It is known that Mary was frequently called up on to care for others and, as her niece would later write, she dealt with much suffering and "trials" from Providence; she cared for her parents during a long decline and after her sister Elizabeth died in 1770, she raised her 7 nieces. As her niece Joanna Hughes would later write, "she stood forth as the benefactress and protectress of a whole orphan family of dependent nieces[.]"

Her husband died by the early 1780s; after his death she moved to Bath and began participating in literary circles. Despite her rather voluminous poetry production, Alcock only published her poems to publicly once. In 1775, she wrote 'The Confined Debtor: A Fragment from a Prison.' The poem was published solely to raise money for people in jail for debt in a local prison and, thanks to her efforts, enough money was raised to release at least 14 people from newgate prison and "many debtors" from Ilchester prison. In 1784, she published another poem ("The Air Balloon, or Flying Mortal") anonymously. Rather than publish her poetry, Alcock preferred to share it with friends and family.

In Bath, she was also known for her philanthropy, which is reflected in some of her poetry, including this poem about the sufferings of young children who were employed as apprentice chimney-sweeps. Chimney-sweeping was an incredibly dangerous job and the dangerous and difficult job of cleaning chimney flues was often tasked to young children, starting at around 6 years old.

In most cases, these young apprentices were orphans, children from workhouses or children from poor families who needed their children to bring in an income. Once they were chosen as an apprentice, they would be legally bound to their master chimney sweep until they reached adulthood. Many of these children were seriously injured or killed during the difficult work; in 1794, the Gentleman's Magazine recalled a tragic incident in which two young chimney sweep boys were killed in the same baker's chimney; the eldest of the two was eight years old.

Alcock's poem coincided with other publications bringing notice to the plight of young chimney sweepers and their apprentices, including works such as The State of Chimney Sweepers' Young Apprentices by Jonas Hanway. In 1788, the 'Chimney Sweepers Act 1788' was passed, which attempted to raise the age limit of chimney sweepers' apprentices to at least 8 years old (though this was, naturally, still shockingly young) but it was rarely enforced.

It was not until 1834 that regulations raised the age of chimney sweeper apprentices to 14 ,and required all apprentices to express that they were 'willing and desirous' to enter the trade in front of a magistrate before they could be signed to a master. Despite this and further regulations (including an 1840 act that made it illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to sweep chimneys) these regulations were difficult to enforce.

'The Chimney-Sweeper's Complaint' by Mary Alcock

A chimney sweeper's boy am I;
Pity my wretched fate!

Ah, turn your eyes; 'twould draw a tear,
Knew you my helpless state.

Far from my home, no parents I
Am ever doom'd to see;
My master, should I sue to him,
He'd flog the skin from me.

Ah, dearest Madam, dearest Sir,
Have pity on my youth;
Tho' black, and cover'd o'er with rags,
I tell you nought but truth.

My feeble limbs, benumb'd with cold,
Totter beneath the fack,
Which ere the morning dawn appears
Is loaded on my back.

My legs you see are burnt and bruis'd,
My feet are gall'd by stones,
My flesh for lack of food is gone,
I'm little else but bones.

Yet still my master makes me work,
Nor spares me day or night;
His 'prentice boy he says I am,
And he will have his right.

"Up to the highest top," he cries,
There call out chimney-sweep!"
With panting heart and weeping eyes
Trembling I upwards creep.

But stop! no more —
I see him come;
Kind Sir, remember me!
Oh, could I hide me under ground,
How thankful should I be!



Thursday, March 21, 2019

Women's History Month: Sonnet to the Strawberry by Helen Maria Williams

Women's History Month: A month celebrating women of history! I will be posting media and book recommendations, highlighting women from (mostly) the 18th century, and otherwise sharing content with an emphasis on women in history.

[image: NYPL]

Helen Maria Williams (1759-1827) was a British author and translator whose first works, published under the simple title 'Poems' in 1786, reflected her support of ideals such as the abolition of slavery and world peace. In 1789, Williams embraced the ideals of the French Revolution and began frequently staying in France, returning only to London briefly in 1791 before going back to Paris. In addition to regularly translating French works for English-speaking readers, during the revolution she hosted prominent salons frequented by the likes of Thomas Paine and Mary Wollstoneecraft. 

During the Reign of Terror, she and her family were imprisoned; during this period, she continued to work on her English translations, including a translation of Paul et Virginie by Bernandin St. Pierre. In a later edition of this translation, Williams noted, "... I gave myself the task of employing a few hours every day in translating the charming little novel ... and I found the most soothing relief in wandering from my own gloomy reflections to those enchanted scenes[.]" Williams also wrote her 'prison sonnets' during this period, although as she notes in her later edition, some of them were lost when her papers were sent to French officials be examined before she was allowed to send them.

Sonnet to the Strawberry was one of these 'prison sonnets,' which she included interspersed with her translation of the novel. After her release from prison, Williams continued writing; her extensive Letters on France and later essays on French politics and society would dub one critic to remark that "because Miss Williams has written well and successfully upon that subject, none but a lady could write on the French Revolution."

Sonnet to the Strawberry

THE Strawberry blooms upon its lowly bed,
Plant of my native soil! — the Lime may fling
More potent fragrance on the zephyr's wing,
The milky Cocoa richer juices shed,
The white Guava lovelier blossoms spread —
But not, like thee, to fond remembrance bring
The vanished hours of life's enchanting spring;
Short calendar of joys for ever fled!
Thou bid'st the scenes of childhood rise to view,
The wild wood-path which fancy loves to trace;
Where, veil'd in leaves, thy fruit of rosy hue
Lurk'd on its pliant stem with modest grace.
But ah! when thought would later years renew,
Alas, successive sorrows crowd the space!

Monday, March 11, 2019

Women's History Month: 'The Power of Beauty' by Mary Leapor (1722-1746)

Women's History Month: A month celebrating women of history! I will be posting media and book recommendations, highlighting women from (mostly) the 18th century, and otherwise sharing content with an emphasis on women in history. 
 
Mary Leapor (1722-1746) was one of a select few labor-class women writers to produce written poetry during the 18th century. She was only 24 years old when she died from measles but during her short lifetime, she cultivated a love for literature and poetry, frequently carving out time during her tireless work as a kitchen maid to take up a pen or tuck into a book. Her relatively extensive body of work was published after her death due to the efforts of her friend Bridget Freemantle, which saw two volumes of Leapor's work published in 1748 and 1751. Leapor was subsequently praised by contemporaries as "one of the most interesting of the natural poets" and today is recognized as one of the most intriguing (if understudied) poets of her era.

Leapor's poetry is notable for its frequent social commentary, with a particular emphasis on the struggles and experiences of being a woman in that period. Throughout many of her poems, Leapor criticized society's treatment of women; one common theme is criticism of the view of women as valuable only when they are beautiful. Leapor laments the fate of beautiful women who grow older and lose their sense of self worth; women who, despite being educated or witty or compassion, are ignored for their lack of outward beauty. She also calls out the hypocrisy of men who value women only for their beauty yet at the same time, criticize women for taking the means to meet those beauty standards through cosmetics, corsets and fashion. 'The Power of Beauty' is one such poem which I think perfectly encapsulates Leapor's view, ending with the telling sentence: "If you wou'd have your Daughters wise/Take care to mend your Sons."

The Power of Beauty by Mary Leapor

 The POWER of BEAUTY.
O GODDESS of eternal Smiles,
Bright Cythera the fair,
Who taught Sabina's pleasing Wiles,
By which she won Bellair.
Bellair, the witty and the vain,
Who laugh'd at Beauty's Pow'r;
But now the conquer'd humble Swain
Adores a painted Flow'r.

With Delia's Art my Song inspire,
Whose Lips of rosy Hue
Can ne'er the partial Audience tire,
Tho' wiser Claudia's do.
Tho' Claudia's Wit and Sense refin'd,
Flows easy from her Tongue;
Her Soul but coarsly is enshrin'd,
So Claudia's in the wrong.
Hark, Delia speaks — that blooming Fair,
See Crowds are gathering round
With open Mouths: and wildly stare
To catch the empty Sound.
See Lelia with a Judgment clear,
With manly Wisdom blest;
Wit, Learning, Prudence, all appear
In that unruffled Breast.

But yet no Beau for Lelia dies,
No Sonnets pave her way;
Say, Muse, from whence these Evils rise,
Why Lelia's Teeth decay.
Then, why do rev'rend Sages rail
At Woman's wanton Pride?
If Wisdom, Wit, and Prudence fail,
Let meaner Arts be try'd.
Those Arts to please are only meant;
But with an angry Frown,
The Queen of Wisdom lately sent
This Proclamation down:
Minerva, with the azure Eyes,
And thus the Statute runs,
If you wou'd have your Daughters wise,
Take care to mend your Sons.


Further Reading about Mary Leapor:

'Mary Leapor: The Female Body and the Body of Her Texts' by Michael Meyer. Available to read online at Academia.Edu.

'Mary Leapor: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Women's Poetry' by Richard Greene

Thursday, May 10, 2018

Madame Elisabeth de France (May 3, 1764--May 10, 1794)



Constant in her piety
She lived like her father
Sublime in her firmness
She died like her brother 

--an 18th century poem written about Madame Elisabeth de France (May 3, 1764--May 10, 1794)

Saturday, March 3, 2018

On a LADY's WRITING by Anna Laetitia Barbauld



On a LADY's WRITING.

HER even lines her steady temper show;
Neat as her dress, and polish'd as her brow;
Strong as her judgment, easy as her air;
Correct though free, and regular though fair:
And the same graces o'er her pen preside
That form her manners and her footsteps guide. 

Anna Laetitia Barbauld (1743-1825); 
text via the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive/Poems. London: printed for Joseph Johnson, 1773.

Saturday, March 4, 2017

9 Books About Women Poets in the 18th-Century



In the beginning of the 18th century, only a handful of women were known to publish under their own names. By the end of the 18th century, there were dozens of women publishing their works--novels, letters, and poetry, just to name a few styles--and many of these works were published openly rather than hidden behind male nom de plums. Poetry was one of the more popular mediums of the day, and I've collected 9 books about 18th-century women poets and their works to enjoy!

Eighteenth Century Women Poets: An Oxford Anthology by Roger Lonsdale

Poetic Sisters: Early Eighteenth-Century Women Poets
by Deborah Kennedy

Eighteenth Century Women Poets: An Oxford Anthology by Paula R. Backscheider

Phillis Wheatley, Complete Writings by Phillis Wheatley

Russian Women Poets of the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries by Amanda Ewington

Anne Seward and the End of the Eighteenth Century by Claudia T. Kairoff

British Women Poets of the Long Eighteenth Century: An Anthology by Paula R. Backscheider

Women Peasant Poets in Eighteenth-Century England, Scotland, and Germany: Milkmaids on Parnassus by Susanne Kord

Women Romantic Poets: Anna Barbauld and Mary Robinson by Anne Janowitz

Friday, June 26, 2015

Capet, éveille-toi! by Victor Hugo

[credit: Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Estampes et photographie]

Capet, éveille-toi! by Victor Hugo

[Translation from Louis XVII: A Bibliography.]
Heaven's golden gates were opened wide one day,
And through them shot one glittering, dazzling ray
From the veiled Glory, through the shining bars,
Whilst the glad armies of the ransomed dead
Welcomed a spirit by child-angels led
Beneath the dome of stars.

From griefs untold that boy-soul took its flight,
Sorrow had dimmed his eyes and quenched their light;
Round his pale features floats his golden hair;
Whilst virgin souls with songs of welcome stand
With martyr palms to fill his childish hand,
And crown him with that crown the Innocents should wear.

Hark! Hear th' angelic hosts their song begin;
New angel! Heaven is open — enter in,
Come to thy rest; thine earthly griefs are o'er.
God orders all who chant in praise of Him,
Prophets, archangels, seraphim,
To hail thee as a King and Martyr evermore!

When did I reign? the gentle spirit cries.
I am a captive, not a crowned king.
Last night in a sad tower I closed my eyes.
When did I reign? O Lord, explain this thing.
My father's death still fills my heart with fear.
A cup of gall to me, his son, was given. I am an orphan. Is my mother here?
I always see her in my dreams of heaven.

The angels answered: God the Wise and Good,
Dear boy, hath called thee from the evil world, A world that tramples on the Blessed Rood,
Where regicides with ruthless hands have hurled Kings from their thrones,
And from their very graves have tossed their mouldering bones. What! is my long, sad, weary waiting o'er?

The child exclaimed. Has all been suffered, then? Is it quite true that from this dream no more
I shall be rudely waked by cruel men? Ah! in my prison every day I prayed,
How long, O God, before some help will come? Oh, can this be a dream? I feel afraid —
Can I have died, and be at last at home?

You know not half my griefs that long sad while;
Each day life seemed more terrible to bear;
I wept, but had no mother's pitying smile,
No dear caress to soften my despair.
It seemed as if some punishment were sent
Through me some unknown sin to expiate.
I was so young — ere knowing what sin meant
Could I have earned my fate?

Vaguely, far off, my memory half recalls
Bright, happy days before these days of fear; Asleep a glorious murmur sometimes falls
Of cheers and plaudits on my childish ear. Then I remember all this passed away;
Mysteriously its brightness ceased to be; A lonely, friendless boy I helpless lay,
And all men hated me.

My young life in a living tomb they threw;
My eyes no more beheld the sun's bright beams; But now I see you angels, brothers, who
So often came to watch me in my dreams. Men crushed my life in those hard hands of theirs.
But they had wrongs. O Lord, do not condemn! Be not as deaf as they were to my prayers!
I want to pray for them.

The angels chanted: Heaven's holiest place
Welcomes thee in. We'll crown thee with a star; Blue wings of cherubim thy form shall grace,
On which to float afar.
Come with us. Thou shalt comfort babes who weep
In unwatched cradles in the world below,
Or bear fresh light on wings of glorious sweep
To suns that burn too low.

The angels paused. The child's eyes filled with tears.
On heaven an awful silence seemed to fall.
The Father spake, and echoing through the spheres
His voice was heard by all.

My love, dear king, preserved thee from the fate
Of earth-crowned kings whose griefs thou hast not known.
Rejoice, and join the angels' happy hymns.
Thou hast not known the slavery of the great;
Thy brow was never bruised beneath a crown,
Though chains were on thy limbs.
What though life's burden crushed thy tender frame,
Child of bright hopes, heir of a royal name!
Better to be
Child of that blessed One who suffered scorn,
Heir of that King who wore a crown of thorn,
Hated and mocked — like thee.

Sunday, January 25, 2015

An Elegiac Ode on the Death of Louis XVI by Edmund Eyre

Edmund Eyre's An Elegiac Ode on the Death of Louis XVI was published shortly after the execution of Louis XVI. It was later re-published in a 1797 collection of his poetic works, which also included his ode to Marie Antoinette.

An Elegiac Ode on the Death of Louis XVI
Ruin seize ye, lawless band
Destruction on your councils wait;
For stain'd by Murder's gory hand,
Humanity recoils from Fate.

Mark the year--abhor the sight,
When France re-murmur'd with affright:--
The shrieks of Anguish, borne on Echo's wing,
Proclaim'd the sorrows of a suff'ring King.

Such were the sounds that Gallia's Genius bore,
As slow she mov'd along the Belgic-shore,
Then on some ndoding cliff's projecting brow,
Shrinking, bemoan'd the horrors of the blow;
Fond to lament, though impotent to save,
She pour'd her sorrows for the good and brave;
And now inspir'd with all a Patriot's glow
She tun'd her lyre and struck the notes of Woe.

Did cruel Destiny ere shed
Such horrors on a Regal-Head;
Did ere once happy Monarch know,
Such sad reserve of heart-felt woe?
"Without a friend to close his eyes,"
The Parent groans--the Monarch dies:
Deny'd the blessings of a miscreant slave,
The sev'ring axe cosigns him to the grave--

Tho' Faction staind' the Sov'reign-bloomd,
And bid it wither in the tomb;
With seraph's flight, Religion came,
To strengthen Nature's feeble frame--
Clad in the splendor of the sky,
A whisp'ring cherub, wing'd on high,
With heav'nly light illum'd Death's awful way,
And chang'd his darkness to eternal day.

Ah, hapless Queen! Repress that sigh,
Thy happier stars may intervene--
Hope darts her ever radiant eye,
To calm Affliction's stormy-scene.
Hark! 'Tis the chorus of seraphic strain!
Triumphant shouts the Empyrean sky!
The Monarch murder'd--lives to joy again,
Crown'd, and array'd in immortality.

Now from life, and labours freed,
he receives his virtues' meed;
Tastes of bliss to men unknown,
Far above an earthly throne.

What, tho' no sculptur'd, marble-bust,
Is seen to grace his mould'ring-dust,
Yet Mem'ry shall his name revere;
For whilst the crystal song of Woe,
With tributary drops shall flow,
The best memorial is--the pitying tear.

Blow the brazen trump of War;
Erect the standard in the field!
Mars, high-throned in his car,
Displays the dire, ensanguin'd shield.

Stream wide your banners, roll the martial drums,
For England's champion, Royal Frederick, comes,
to right an injur'd nation's sov'reign cause,
Protect its freedom, and defend her laws;
To add new trophies to the opening year,
And curb Rebellion in its mad career--
Till Britain's vengeance on her foes be hurl'd,
And England rise the Mistress of the World.

Friday, January 9, 2015

The Captive Queen, an Elegiac Ode by Edmund Eyre

After the deaths of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, many British writers who turned to the pen to published odes, elegies, plays and other literary treatments of the royal family. These British works were published as early as 1793, after the death of the king. Edmund Eyre was one of these British writers who felt inspired by the events in France to take up his pen. Eyre's ode to Marie Antoinette, which I have transcribed below, was published in a collection in 1797.

--

The Captive Queen, an Elegiac Ode.
Scarce had the night her shadowy curtain spread,
To hide the blush of eve;
Than gloomy Silence cast a solemn dread,
And Nature seem'd to grieve:
But Cynthia soon o'er half the globe
Display'd her star-bespangled robe,
Emitting forth her silver-ray
To cheer the trav'ller's lonely way,
And guide him to the social cot,
Where all his sorrows are forgot--
Oblivious slumber, with Lathaean-pow'r
Snatches the lapse of time, and rules the mid-night hour.

Mute is the warbling concert of the air--
Save the sad minstrel of the night;
Whose trilling-notes, responsive to despair,
Vibrate on Echo's rapid flight!
And, hark, what breathing groans transpierce
the solemn scene!
Ah! 'tis the mourning sorrows of a Captive-Queen!

Borne on Fancy's eagle-height,
I see her pictur'd to the sight
Immur'd within a dungeon's bloom,
Invoking Heav'n to change the doom--
Her rosy-cheeks, of crimson-hue,
Now moisten'd by Affliction's dew,
Fading, have wither'd, by a wintry blight,
And, in despair, the roses red--have chang'd to white.

Her eyes, that with Promethean glow,
Warm'd the chill'd breast, congeal'd by woe,
Sink in their sockets, griev'd to see
Th' unpity'd tears of Misery:
Her voice, that once diffus'd around
The magic-harmony of sound,
Now faintly murmurs, like an Aeolian lyre,
Whose sounds charm most--just as the notes expire.

Ah, what avails the pomp of state,
The envy'd glories of the great,
Or, e'en Ambition's great-stride
When bold Rebellion rushes forth,
And like the pestilential North,
Nips all the blossoms of our pride.
Life is, alas! an evening breeze at best,
That blows still sun-set, and then sinks to rest.

What, is the cruel lot decreed,
And must the Royal-Mother bleed?
Ah, heard I not the fleeting groan,
Breathed in Sorrow's deepest tone?
Hark, 'tis the din of Discord's roar,
Her dart's besmear'd with clotted gore!
yet, fears, vaunt--wan Terror fly--
Death's but a passport to eternity!

Confin'd by treason, and the will of Fate,
A Royal captive, mock'd with idle state,
(Shame to the annals of historic-page,)
Expires a victim to republic rage!

The sigh that heav'd the parting knell--
The tear that bade a long farewell--
The Mother's pangs--the Children's cries,
No friend to grace her obsequies--
Shall cause the Muse's stream to flow
In all the energy of woe,
Whilst they record amidst a nation's sighs,
In Death's cold shade a murder'd Princess lies.

Be mute, my lyre--thy elegy refrain--
Megara rife, and breathe a bolder strain--
Avenging Nemesis, at whose decree,
Tyrants are taught to bend the stubborn knee,
Inrob'd with justice, send thy missile dart,
To drive rebellion from the canker'd heart;
Scourge those who brought a Monarch to the tomb,
And thunder in their ears Lycaon's doom.--
Inspire each breast with patriotic zeal
To guard the safety of the public weal;
Bid us avow Religion's holy cause,
Adorn out country, and protect her laws--
Such god-like cares all British hearts must own;
And ev'ry honest man support the Throne.
--

Eyre's elegies to Marie Antoinette and later, Louis XVI, were only somewhat well received in his day. They were described in one contemporary review as "not destitute of poetical imagery." Hardly a glowing review! But at least his odes were published: Eyre had a rather unfortunate history when it came to getting his 1794 play, first called The Maid of Normandy and later retitled The Death of the Queen of France, cleared past the British censors. But that's a topic for another day!

Friday, October 24, 2014

'Meek child of sorrow': Consolatory Verses for the Duchesse d'Angouleme



Sir Herbert Croft (1 November 1751 - 26 April 1816) was an English-born author who was best known for his proposed English dictionary and his popular novel, 'Love and Madness, a Story too true, in a series of letters between Parties whose names could perhaps be mentioned were they less known or less lamented.' Although Croft's proposed dictionary never got off the ground, his novel--which many people thought was a real collection of letters--was fairly successful.

In 1814, Croft composed and published the following 'Consolotary verses' to Madame, the ducehsse d'Angouleme, who had been newly restored to France with the rest of her family. The verses were published after May 30th, 1814, the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Croft dedicated these verses to George III, the prince regent of England, as a "small mark of gratitude for the favours conferred ... through a long series of year.' What these favours are, exactly, is unknown.

The complete versions can be read for free on Google Books. I've transcribed a small excerpt below.
Meek child of sorrow, whose still-wearied eyes
Stream over such unusual miseries!
Lov'd, royal Lady, whom, we, all, confess
Virtue has mark'd, ev'n more than wretchedness!
I don't deny the sources of your grief;
But let a stranger try to lend relief.
Stranger! yet Hartwell's bow'rs and allies know
You do not term the British muses so.

'Twas there the muse of Young consol'd your mind;
And made it, if more sad, still more resign'd:
There Thomson prov'd how each kind season fills
The world with charms, that balance life's worst ills:
There Rogers taught your tender soul to see
The pleasures, sadly sweet, of memory;
Which, sometimes, in a visionary trance,
Hurried your rapt thoughts back to your lov'd France.

You're, now, come back to your lov'd country; brought
by God himself, and not in airy thought.
Much-injur'd victim! may, on this blest day,
Oblivion's waters wash all tears away!
But that I know forgiveness is the tie
Which to their France binds all your family;
I'd speak of the fond words Religion lent
To France's martyr, in his testament.
He charg'd the seventeenth Lewis to "forgive,
"If they should let the royal infant live;
"If he should ever be condemn'd to drain
"The cup of human misery, and reign."
See who consents to fill that infant's throne,
Of which the cares and miseries are known;
Throne, stain'd with so much blood, so many years,
But wash'd, at least, with a whole nation's tears.
Forgive! Yes, he and every Bourbon do:
Oh! that you could forget, sad daughter, too!
Forgive! Yes, exil'd; years and years ago,
You, all, forgave each author of your woe.
Two brothers, yes and you, forgiving maid,
For France, each weeping night and morning, pray'd.
Yes, you evne pray'd that they might pardon'd be,
Who murder'd more than half your family.

Thursday, October 9, 2014

'Presented By The People Of Paris To Madame La Dauphine, 30 May 1770'

An engraving inscribed with a poem 'presented by the people of Paris to Madame la Dauphine, 30 May 1770':


That gold, diamonds crown your power
That flowers of spring crown your beauty
But let your goodness and virtue be crowned
by the hearts of all France

Monday, September 8, 2014

'Marie Antoinette' by Paul Romilly

image: a vintage illustration of Marie Antoinette and a lady walking at Versailles
credit: my collection

Marie Antoinette by Paul Romilly, translated from French:
She passes, in the flower gardens of Trianon
In her negligee of old light fabric:
was there ever freshness, grace equal to hers?
The goddess shows even in linen.

But time has a marching pace without a name:
Dishonored queen, treated as a bitch.
And filthy pamphlets rain down on 'The Austrian.'
She is "Lady Veto," when it is the king who says "no."

The senselessness of the crime astonishes history
And no expiatory offering can erase it.
The love of a whole people, the hate of a whole nation.

The poor woman in mourning, pale under her cap.
To see that specter on the scaffold, who would believe
the widow Capet was Marie Antoinette?

Saturday, July 19, 2014

I was your king's daughter: the poetry of Marie Thérèse Charlotte in captivity


As her family members were taken from her, one by one, the young Marie Thérèse Charlotte began to suffer increasingly isolated and strict prison conditions. After her aunt Elisabeth was taken from her, Thérèse was denied both her request for a female companion to stay with her and her frequent requests to be allowed to see her young brother. Small comforts, such as a tinder box to light the small stove in her room, were taken away and she was subject to submit to room searches at any time of the day or night.

This strict imprisonment did not last forever. As the harsher restrictions on the imprisoned Marie Thérèse began to be lifted, the young teenager was allowed to request small comforts such as additional books to read, paper and writing tools which had been previously denied her. During this period, she began to write her memoirs about her experiences during the revolution.

She also wrote poetry that expressed her hopes, fears, feelings and the experiences of her imprisonment. Original manuscripts of at least some of Madame Royale's poetry were kept in the family of Madeleine Bocquet-Chanterenne, a young woman who was sent to be the teen's companion. Thérèse affectionately referred to her as her 'dear Renète.'

The following are some excerpts from translations of some of the poetry that Marie Thérèse wrote during her imprisonment in the Temple and were kept by the family of Madeleine Bocquet-Chanterenne. Although simply written, her words reflects the pain and sorrow that the young girl experienced in her often terrifying and lonely captivity.

I was your king's daughter
separated from all my family.
I languish in this sad jail
Alas! I say with good reason
Even though I am alone and sad
My jail would appear happy to me
If I was in this place with my brother.

--

To my mother, to the Conciergerie
I asked to be reunited
But as an answer, my jailers
Say: this has nothing to do with us.
Spread your blessings on her,
God! Open promptly your jail.

--
A short time ago, at night
I was sleeping peacefully in my bed.
I got suddenly woken up
By the enraged noise of my locks.
They were coming to my door, they were knocking.
I replied immediately: who is there?
I was asked to open up, I replied:
I am getting up and leaving my bed.
I was hoping that I would get out,
I was expecting to leave the tower.
I go to the door, I finally open it!
They come in with my jailer
I look at them, hoping they would ask me
to follow them and come.
But alas! They stare at me
And suddenly without saying a word, they go out with my jailer.


Tuesday, January 21, 2014

'The fading shadows of their murder'd Sire.'


A Fragment. Supposed to be written near the Temple on the Night before the Murder of Louis XVI. by Mary Robinson. Published in The Oracle on 27 February, 1793.
Now MIDNIGHT spreads her sable vest
With Starry Rays light tissued o'er;
Now from the Desart's thistled breast
The chilling Dews begin to soar;
The OWL shrieks from the tott'ring Tow'r,
Dread watch-bird of the witching hour!
Spectres, from their charnel cells
Cleave the air with hideous yells!
Not a Glow-worm ventures forth,
To gild his little speck of Earth!
In wild despair Creation seems to wait,
While HORROR stalks abroad to deal the shafts of FATE!

To yonder damp and dreary Cave,
From black OBLIVION'S silent Wave,
Borne on Desolation's wings,
DEATH his poison'd Chalice brings!
Wide beneath the turbid Sky
Red REBELLION'S banners fly,
Sweeping to her Iron den
The agonizing hearts of Men;
There in many a ghastly throng,
Blood-stain'd Myriads glide along,
While each, above his crest a Falchion rears,
Imbu'd with TEPID GORE, or drench'd in SCALDING TEARS!

Beneath yon Tow'r (whose grated cell
Entombs the fairest Child of Earth,
August in MISERY as in BIRTH),
The Troops of PANDIMONIUM dwell!
Night and Day the Fiends conspire
To glut their desolating Ire!
IRE! that feeds on Human Woe;
That smiling deals the murd'rous blow!
And as the helpless Victim dies,
Fills with shouts the threat'ning skies;
Nor trembles, lest the vengeful light'ning's glare
Should blast their recreant arms, and scatter them to AIR!

Round the deep entrenchments stand
Bold AMBITION'S giant band;
Beneath, insidious MALICE creeps,
And keen REVENGE — that never sleeps!
While dark SUSPICION hovers near,
Strung by the dastard Scorpion — FEAR!
REASON, shrinking from her gaze,
Flies the scene in wild amaze!
While trembling PITY dies, to see
The barb'rous Sons of ANARCHY,
Drench their unnat'ral hands in REGAL blood,
While Patriot VIRTUE sinks beneath the whelming flood.

HARK! the petrifying shriek
Issues from yon TURRET bleak!
The lofty Tower returns the sound,
Echoing through its base profound!
The rising MOON, with play light,
Faintly greets the aching sight
With many a gliding CENTINEL,
Whose shadow would his sense appall;
Whose Soul, convuls'd with conscious woe,
Pants for the MORNING'S purple glow—
The Purple Glow that cheers his breast,
And gives his startled MIND a short-liv'd hour of rest.

But when shall MORN'S effulgent light
The hopeless Sufferer's glance invite?
When shall the Breath of rosy Day,
Around the infant Victims play?
When will the vivifying ORB,
The tears of widow'd Love absorb?
SEE! SEE! the palpitating breast,
By all the Weeping Graces drest,
Now dumb with grief — now raving wild,
Bending o'er each with'ring Child,
The ONLY Treasures spar'd by savage Ire,
The fading SHADOWS of their MURDER'D SIRE!

OH! FANCY, spread thy pow'rful wing,
From HELL'S polluted confines spring—
Quit, quit the Cell where Madness lies,
With wounded breast and staring eyes!
RUTHLESS FIENDS have done their worst,
They triumph in the DEED ACCURS'D!
See, her veil OBLIVION throws
O'er the last of Human Woes;
The ROYAL STOLE, with many a crimson stain,
Closes from every eye the scene of pain,
While from afar the WAR SONG dins the ear,
And drowns the dying groan which ANGELS WEEP TO HEAR!